Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.

The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.

Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated. Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular biology, but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry.

There is not a hard-line between these disciplines as there once was.

Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.

The central dogma of molecular biology where genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein, despite being an oversimplified picture of molecular biology, still provides a good starting point for understanding the field.

Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology.

As of the early 2000s, the study of gene structure and function, molecular genetics, has been amongst the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.

Vector Biology

Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.

Species of mosquito, for example, serve as vectors for the deadly disease Malaria.

This sense of "biological vector" is the primary one in epidemiology and in common speech. In gene therapy, a virus itself may serve as a vector, if it has been re-engineered and is used to deliver a gene to its target cell.

A "vector" in this sense is a vehicle for delivering genetic material such as DNA to a cell.

In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.

The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the "backbone" of the vector. The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. Vectors called expression vectors (expression constructs) specifically are for the expression of the transgene in the target cell, and generally have a promoter sequence that drives expression of the transgene. Simpler vectors called transcription vectors are only capable of being transcribed but not translated: they can be replicated in a target cell but not expressed, unlike expression vectors. Transcription vectors are used to amplify their insert.

Insertion of a vector into the target cell is usually called transformation for bacterial cells, transfection for eukaryotic cells, although insertion of a viral vector is often called transduction.

Human Biology

Human biology is an academic field of biology which focuses on humans; it is closely related to medicine, primate biology, and a number of other fields.

A human being is a multicellular eukaryote consisting of an estimated 100 trillion cells.

It should be noted that there is no consensus on the actual number of cells in the human body; estimates vary widely.

As a species, humans are primates and can be distinguished from other primates by their more highly evolved brains.

Even though humans are multicellular animals, many of the basic life processes of human cells are basically the same as in simple unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast and even prokaryotes.

Branches of biology

These are the main branches of biology:

Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles

Agriculture – the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications

Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans

Arachnology – the study of arachnids

Astrobiology – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe—also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy

Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level

Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology

Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally

Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data

Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling

Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics

Biomedical research – the study of the human body in health and disease

Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences

Biotechnology – a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology

Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment

Botany – the study of plants

Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell

Conservation biology – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife

Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings

Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure

Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment

Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth)

Entomology – the study of insects

Environmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity

Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations

Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence

Ethology – the study of animal behavior

Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time

Genetics – the study of genes and heredity

Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians

Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy

Ichthyology – the study of fish

Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms

Limnology – the study of inland waters

Mammalogy – the study of mammals

Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings

Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things

Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry

Mycology – the study of fungi

Neurobiology – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology

Oncology – the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings

Ornithology – the study of birds

Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including

Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction

Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms

Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life

Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease

Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism

Pharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines

Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms

Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)

Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology

Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology

Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules

Synthetic Biology- research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature

Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents

Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (branches include: Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammalogy, and Ornithology)

Biology

Biology is a accustomed science anxious with the abstraction of activity and active organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Analysis is a all-inclusive accountable absolute abounding subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the best important capacity are bristles accumulation attempt that can be said to be the axiological axioms of avant-garde biology:

-Cells are the basal assemblage of life

-New breed and affiliated ancestry are the artefact of evolution

-Genes are the basal assemblage of heredity

-An animal regulates its centralized ambiance to advance a abiding and connected condition

-Active bacilli absorb and transform energy.

Subdisciplines of analysis are accustomed on the base of the calibration at which bacilli are advised and the methods acclimated to abstraction them: biochemistry examines the abecedarian allure of life; atomic analysis studies the circuitous interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular analysis examines the basal architecture block of all life, the cell; analysis examines the concrete and actinic functions of the tissues, organs, and agency systems of an organism; and anatomy examines how assorted bacilli collaborate and accessory with their environment.